最大泡压法测表面张力等温线的数据处理方法比较*

对乙酸、丙酸、正丁酸、2-甲基丁酸、3-甲基丁酸、正戊酸、正己酸、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、1,2-丙二醇等13种常用试剂在25 ℃下的表面张力数据拟合方法进行了比较,分析了图解法处理数据及多项式、一阶指数函数、幂函数、Shishkovsky经验公式拟合数据的优缺点。指出Shishkovsky经验公式拟合结果准确,受数据样本量影响小,是理想的表面张力数据拟合方法。     

An augmented Lagrangian method for optimization problems with structured geometric constraints

This paper is devoted to the theoretical and numerical investigation of an augmented Lagrangian method for the solution of optimization problems with geometric constraints. Specifically, we study situations where parts of the constraints are nonconvex and possibly complicated, but allow for a fast computation of projections onto this nonconvex set. Typical problem classes which satisfy this requirement are optimization problems with disjunctive constraints (like complementarity or cardinality constraints) as well as optimization problems over sets of matrices which have to satisfy additional rank constraints. The key idea behind our method is to keep these complicated constraints explicitly in the constraints and to penalize only the remaining constraints by an augmented Lagrangian function. The resulting subproblems are then solved with the aid of a problem-tailored nonmonotone projected gradient method. The corresponding convergence theory allows for an inexact solution of these subproblems. Nevertheless, the overall algorithm computes so-called Mordukhovich-stationary points of the original problem under a mild asymptotic regularity condition, which is generally weaker than most of the respective available problem-tailored constraint qualifications. Extensive numerical experiments addressing complementarity- and cardinality-constrained optimization problems as well as a semidefinite reformulation of MAXCUT problems visualize the power of our approach.

     

长光程共振式二氧化碳气体光声传感器研究

二氧化碳(CO₂)是植物光合作用的原材料,也是一种温室气体,其过量地排放会影响动植物的生态环境。在碳达峰、碳中和的背景下,研制高灵敏度的CO₂检测装置具有重要意义。为了监测大气环境中CO₂含量的变化,设计了一种长光程共振式CO₂气体光声传感器,并以此搭建了光声检测装置。以中心波长为2 004 nm的分布式反馈激光器(DFB)作为激发光源,激光射入由漫反射材料制成的球型吸收腔,在腔内多次反射以增加气体的吸收路径。吸收腔外部被两个高热传导率的铝制半球包裹,降低由池体吸收光能后产生的热噪声。吸收腔上耦合一根声学管,当其工作在一阶纵向共振模态时,光声信号被放大,在管子末端达到极大值。为了进一步增大光声信号,通过饱和加湿样品的方式来加快CO₂气体的弛豫速率,加湿后的样品产生的光声信号是干燥样品的2.1倍左右。使用一系列浓度的湿润CO₂样品标定光声检测装置,结果表明,光声信号与浓度之间呈现良好的线性关系。在此基础上,通过对标准气体的检测实验,验证了装置的准确性与稳定性...     

Cationic Lanthanide Luminescent Copolymer: Design,Synthesis and Interaction with DNA

Polymerizable rare earth complex Eu(AA)₃Phen was synthesized by complexion of europium ion, acrylic acid (AA), and 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen). The structure and fluorescence properties of the complex were studied by elemental analysis, ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Eu-containing copolymer poly(PEGMA-co-MMA-co-METAC-co-Eu(AA)₃Phen) (PPMMEu) was then synthesized by free radical copolymerization of Eu(AA)₃Phen and other functional monomers including poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) and [2-(Methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (METAC). ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize the copolymer and the interactions between the copolymer and DNA was investigated by TEM, fluorescence spectroscopy, and agarose gel electrophoresis. The desired luminescent cationic copolymer was successfully obtained. The copolymer can form micelles in water solution and can efficiently bind to DNA molecules through electrostatic interaction. The results suggest the potential use of PPMMEu in bioprobes and gene vectors.     

Amperometric nonenzymatic determination of glucose based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with nickel(II) oxides and graphene

We have developed a stable and sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensor by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a composite incorporating nickel(II) oxides and reduced graphene. The oxides were generated by directly electrodepositing nickel on the GCE with a graphene modifier using a multi-potential pulse process, and then oxidizing nickel to nickel(II) oxides by potential cycling. In comparison to the conventional nickel(II) oxides-modified GCE, this new nickel(II) oxides-graphene modified GCE (NiO-GR/GCE) has an about 1.5 times larger current response toward the nonenzymatic oxidation of glucose in alkaline media. The response to glucose is linear in the 20 μM to 4.5 mM concentration range. The limit of detection is 5 μM (at a S/N of 3), and the response time is very short (<3 s). Other beneficial features include selectivity, reproducibility and stability. A comparison was performed on the determination of glucose in commercial red wines by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and revealed the promising aspects of this sensor with respect to the determination of glucose in real samples.

Investigation of the interaction between protein and europium doped polymer

The interactions between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and polymer (poly (METAC-co-NIPAm-co-Eu(AA)3Phen), PMNEu) containing rare earth element (Europium) were detailedly investigated by both of experimental techniques, such as fluorescence spectroscopic analysis, zeta-potential characterization, hydrodynamic size measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, and theoretical calculations. As a result, we concluded that PMNEu could interact with BSA through electrostatic force and quench the fluorescence of BSA, which was regarded as the static quenching mechanism. In addition, the binding constant and binding sites number of BSA with PMNEu were calculated, and the distance between PMNEu and BSA was also estimated to be 1.9?nm based on Föster’s theory. Furthermore, the two fluorescence peaks of PMNEu at 594?nm and 618?nm were detected, and the density of them increased with the more BSA being added to couple with PMNEu. Additionally, The zeta-potential results confirmed the electrostatic interaction mode between BSA and PMNEu, which was concluded with the previous thermodynamic analysis. At last, the results from the hydrodynamic size measurement had a good agreement with those from the TEM observation about the structure and size variation during the complexation of PMNEu with different concentrations of BSA.     

硝酸甘油:祸兮福所倚,福兮祸所伏——舞台剧剧本

自1846年硝酸甘油被合成以来,人们一直把其当作炸药来使用。但由于硝酸甘油过于敏感,导致事故不断。为解决这一问题,诺贝尔尝试改良硝酸甘油,将硅藻土与硝酸甘油混合,降低了敏感度,达到安全使用炸药的目的。后来人们发现硝酸甘油还有缓解心绞痛的功能,便对其进行了深入研究。本文以剧本的形式向大众科普硝酸甘油的上述功能。     

近红外光谱结合化学计量学评价胚胎发育潜能

使用近红外光谱分析方法测量培养后的胚胎培养液,结合偏最小二乘判别分析对胚胎发育潜能进行评价,鉴别具有妊娠能力与不具妊娠能力的胚胎。为了提高模型的判别能力,消除无信息变量对模型稳定性影响,分别采用基于蒙特卡罗的无信息变量消除法(MC-UVE)、竞争性自适应加权抽样法(CARS)与基于变量稳定性的竞争性自适应加权抽样法(SCARS),对光谱进行波长选择。结果表明,与采用全谱74%的正判率相比较,采用这3种波长选择方法,模型独立检验集的正判率分别提高至74.24%,77.12%与80.10%,建模使用变量数降至50以内。比较发现,SCARS的模型优化能力和稳定性均好于MC-UVE和CARS方法。采用近红外光谱结合化学计量学方法预测胚胎的发育潜能是可行的。     

Yb3+/Tm3+共掺杂的钨酸镉纳米晶发光性能的研究

本文采用水热法制备了稀土离子Yb³⁺/Tm³⁺共掺杂的钨酸镉纳米晶。运用X-射线粉末衍射、场发射环境扫描电子显微镜和光谱分析对制备的样品的结构和发光性能进行了表征。根据XRD图谱可知, 钨酸镉为单斜晶系, 晶粒平均尺寸在28 nm左右。从ESEM图片可明显看出, 钨酸镉呈纳米棒结构, 直径在30 nm左右, 长径比在5~8之间。利用980 nm半导体激光器激发钨酸镉纳米晶得到样品的发射光谱, 存在一个较强的蓝光发射, 发光峰位于481 nm,对应于Tm³⁺的¹G₄→³H₆能级的跃迁, 分析了Tm³⁺/Yb³⁺离子共掺体系的发光机制。讨论了发光强度随稀土离子浓度的变化, 当Tm³⁺离子的掺杂浓度在2%, Yb³⁺/Tm³⁺物质的量浓度比为10:1时钨酸镉纳米晶的发光强度最强。根据泵浦功率与发光强度之间的关系, 可知处于481 nm的蓝光发射属于三光子过程, 由发光强度与掺杂浓度之间的双对数衰减曲线可知, 引起蓝光发射源于Tm³⁺的电偶极跃迁。     

带有二元连接函数的半参数模型

提出了一种新的带有二元连接函数的广义半参数模型,即二元连接模型(简称为BLM).使用轮廓似然方法估计模型的参数和非参数部分,并给出了计算算法.证明了所得的未知参数的估计量为n~(1/2)-相合,渐近正态且具有渐近最小方差,给出了实际数据分析和模拟研究,最终采用局部功效方法来检验非参数部分的线性性.